Characterization in William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” and “Macbeth” Essay

William Shakespeare is regarded by many as one, if not the greatest writer of all time. It is interesting to note that his success is due to his tragedies. â€Å"Hamlet† and â€Å"Macbeth† are two of his best known work. Both titles deal with the tragedy of aristocratic people. Though, it appears that Shakespeare is fond of representing only one part of the society, he is actually talking about a very human flaw. Through the characters of his protagonists Hamlet and Macbeth, Shakespeare is suggesting that the real tragedy is found within one’s self. Initially, Shakespeare had characterized Macbeth as a brave warrior. The wounded captain tells the audience that Macbeth was wounded in the battlefield, suggesting that he had fought bravely. But as the plot progresses, the audience discovers that he is less admirable. This is immediately noticeable when Macbeth had met the witches. The witches told them that Macbeth would be the thane of Cawdor. Although, Macbeth says he does not want to think of the prophecy because the thane of Cawdor is still alive, he seems to ponder on the thought, â€Å"the thane of Cawdor lives: why do you dress me in Borrow’d robes?† There is a hint of irony in Macbeth words. It is like he wants to be thane of Cawdor but says he does not. Aside from mere false modesty, the audience would learn that Macbeth harbors within himself some self-doubt. If it was not for Lady Macbeth, Macbeth could have not done anything that he is certain he wants to do. On the other hand, Hamlet seems to be a more flawed character than Macbeth. He is constantly thinking about how to kill Claudius and exact revenge for his father. However, when he got his first chance to kill Claudius, he made a pass on the chance to do so. When Hamlet caught Claudius in prayer, he did not kill Claudius be cause he thought his father’s murderer might go to heaven. Perhaps a helpful quote to use is the famous â€Å"to be or not to be? † That line is a succinct description for Hamlet as he always contradicts himself. Shakespeare’s talent for being able to describe the complexity of the human brain, had made his works classics. Shakespeare seems to be more fond of the flaws of the thought process rather than physical flaws. That is in opposition to earlier works by other authors such as Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist has a deformed foot. Shakespeare’s protagonists are most of the time described as well-to-do. Both Hamlet and Macbeth are even admirable in the initial portions of their respective stories. But Shakespeare reveals that their flaws is on how they think. With Hamlet and Macbeth always contradicting themselves, a tragic conclusion seems inevitable. But their real tragedy is not because one would go insane and the other would be mortally wounded. Hamlet and Macbeth’s tragedy is that they themselves are the antagonists to their respective goals.

Project Timeline and Minutes of Meeting Essay

No ContentRemark Week 2 Planning the project 5 % Preliminary model selection 5 % Week 3Brainstorm and Gathering information20 % Week 4Final model section 10 % Week 5Implementation 35 % Week 6Writing the report 25 % Minutes of meeting 1 Date: Wednesday 12th September 2012 Time 7:00 pm – 7:30 pm Venue: Cafeteria North-wing Campus UCSI University Chaired by: Group leader â€Å" Samir â€Å" Attendance: †¢Samir Mohamoud â€Å"Group leader†. †¢Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim †¢Abdul-Salam Bakar †¢Omer Mohammed †¢Khalid Matter discussed: 1-Getting to know each other: Everyone introduced himself ?Providing means of communication (phone number, email and Facebook) 2-Project: ?Rough reading through the project ?Define project objective ?Project time frame ?Estimate project completion â€Å"15th October 2012† 3-Next Meeting: ?Saturday 15th September 12 pm at Ahmed’s apartment. Prepared by Ahmed Minutes of meeting 2: Date: Saturday 15th September 2012 Time12:00 pm – 2:30 pm Venue: Ahmed’s Apartment Chaired by: Group leader â€Å" Samir â€Å" Attendance: †¢Samir Mohamoud â€Å"Group leader†. †¢Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim †¢Abdul-Salam Bakar Omer Mohammed †¢Khalid Matter discussed: 1-Project: ?Break down the project into smaller tasks ?Assign each member for specific task ?Discussed each task in detail 2-Model: ?Brainstorm a design for the model ?Hand draw the design ?Identify the model component 3-Next Meeting: ?Saturday 22nd September 1 pm – 2 pm at Sameer’s apartment Prepared by Ahmed Minutes of meeting 3: Postponed to 26th September due to tests Minute of meeting 4: Date: 26th September 2012 Time4:20 pm – 5:55 pm Venue: K207 North-wing Camps UCSI university Chaired by: Group leader â€Å" Samir â€Å" Attendance: †¢Samir Mohamoud â€Å"Group leader†. †¢Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim †¢Abdul-Salam Bakar †¢Omer Mohammed †¢Khalid Matter discussed: 1-Project ?Each member discussed and showed progress on assigned task 2-Model ?Members brought new design for the model ?Estimate the components cost ?Set the model implementation date â€Å" Saturday 29th September† 3-Next meeting ?Saturday 29th September 11:00 am at Samir’s apartment Prepared by Ahmed Minute of meeting 5: Date: 29th September 2012 Time11:00 am – 4:00 pm Venue: Samir’s Apartment Chaired by: Group leader â€Å" Samir â€Å" Attendance: †¢Samir Mohamoud â€Å"Group leader†. †¢Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim †¢Abdul-Salam Bakar †¢Omer Mohammed †¢Khalid Matter discussed: 1-Model ?Update and adjust the model design â€Å"add & remove some features†. ?Sketch the new model ?Re-estimate the cost of the new model 2-Implementation: ?Purchased the desired components. ?Few components were not available in market â€Å"Wooden Mousetrap†. ?Decision made on the spot and agreed by all members to change the wooden mousetrap with a metal one to keep the project flow. ?Started fixing the component together 90% completion of model 3-Next meeting ?Sunday 7th October11:00 pm at Samir’s apartment Prepared by Ahmed Minute of meeting 6: Date: 7th October 8, 2012 Time2:00 am – 5:00 pm Venue: Samir’s Apartment Chaired by: Group leader â€Å" Samir â€Å" Attendance: †¢Samir Mohamoud â€Å"Group leader†. †¢Ahmed Abakar Ahmed Ibrahim †¢Abdul-Sala m Bakar †¢Omer Mohammed †¢Khalid Matter discussed: 1-Implementation ?Complete the implementation ?Run the model for its first time. ?Rerun the model to make sure is working properly. ?Test the model for the specified purposes ?The model showed success

Causes of Disequilibrium in the economy

Causes of Disequilibrium in the economy Economists usually define general disequilibrium as the state in which contrasting market forces of supply and demand fail to reach a balance and there exist an intrinsic inclination for change. The main indicator of market disequilibrium is the continuation of shortages either in the demand or supply side of the economy. There are two main models that hold divergent views concerning disequilibrium namely the classical and Keynesian models   [ 1 ]   . Causes of disequilibrium Generally, the major causes for disequilibrium in the markets if the deficiencies created either in the aggregate demand or aggregate supply side of the economy. This means that in such circumstances the market does not clear. Main causes of disequilibrium are understood in the light of the economic model s followed by scholars. For instance, the Keynesian theory’s causes differ from that of classical economists. For instance, following Keynesians’ view, disequilibrium arises when there are di sparities between leakages and injections where as classical economists argue that if such cases arise, price always adjust to bring the economy back to equilibrium.   [ 2 ]    In the above diagram, equilibrium occurs at point P2-Q2 where AD2= AS. At that point, the economy is at full employment. Below this point the economy is in disequilibrium whereby it is operating below full employment. Keynesian theory’s view s about disequilibrium Keynesian theory is the widely used model that explains the general equilibrium using the IS-LM model. Keynesian model construe that markets may not be self-adjusting therefore the markets would not lead to full employment equilibrium if the economy is left to self-regulate. Keynes used the income-expenditure theory to explain the concept of disequilibrium and full employments. He came up with a detailed analysis of the functions of money, functions of interest rates as well as the aspect of relative prices. Keynesian theory postulates th at equilibrium usually occurs below the full employment level. Keynes argued that constant equilibrium cannot prevail due to the existence of involuntary unemployment.   [ 3 ]    In the commodity markets, Keynesians clearly outlines the major disparities that usually reinforce a state of disequilibrium. They compare the aggregate expenditure which includes household consumption, investment function as well as government spending with the effective demand. They postulate that when the economy operates below the intersection of the two, it means there is an imbalance/disequilibrium.   [ 4 ]    Keynesians denied the supply side of the classical economists. Keynes stated that firms should be given the supply schedule so that they can demand smaller amounts than the existing national demand schedule. Keynes explained the causes of disparities in supply and demand separately. According to him, supply creates income. He postulated that what people produce is the one which is bought therefore supply’s value at all times equals the income value. The income is spent by the earners in consumption of more goods. Keynesian economists advocate an increase in government spending when the economy is below full employment in order to stimulate the economy.   [ 5 ]    Classical economists Classical economists holds the notion that markets are self regulatory which is opposite of Keynesian views. They construe that whenever disequilibrium state occurs between the leakages and the injections, prices usually adjusts to re-establish the general equilibrium. They held assumption that there prices are flexible savings are equal to investments as well as embracing the say’s law which states that supply creates its own demand. Explaining the aspect of disequilibrium through say’s law, classical theorists construe that aggregate production in the economy have to create sufficient income that to buy all units of income, failure to which disequilibrium occ ur.   [ 6 ]

Human Resource Management at Camair-Co Assignment

Human Resource Management at Camair-Co - Assignment Example The intention of this study is human resource management as the field of management within an organization where the human resources or the employees are taken care of or considered for their optimum utilization for the company’s objectives as well as providing them with welfare services. Thus the plans for the organizations and the human resources management are significantly associated with each other and it is the responsibility of the human resources manager to look after the duties of the HR team towards their efficient performances for the achievement of the organizational success. The significance of the human resources management lies in its integration with the business policies of an organization, the best manner in which they can fit into each other, its association with the organizational ethics, culture and values, its dedication towards achieving the organizational objectives, following appropriate employees policies and determining a suitable organization of the human resources in the delivery of their organizations. Thus the role of the human resources management plays a significant role in the efficient and effective performances of the employees attempting to motivate them and maintaining relationships with them for the ultimate success of an organization. The overall study would reflect the relation of the human resources management of the organization and its significant impacts on the ethics, culture, and performances of the organization and how the company keeps its position up in the competitive environment. 2. Camair-Co: A Brief Portrait: Camair-Co is an airline company established in the Republic of Cameroon expecting to provide with international standards of airline services as well as improved airline infrastructures. The Transport Ministry of Cameroon is in charge of supervising the technical development and operations of the company and the Ministry of Finance looking after the financial aspects of the company. Any activitie s in relation to the air transport are provided by the company efficiently for its customers. The company has successfully developed from the partnership of the State of Cameroon and the Consulting group of Lufthansa (History, 2011). The team of professionals forming the human resources in the company involves both local and foreign skills and expertise. The culture and values of the company are highly maintained and the employee relations are considered

Risk Assessment Process Evaluation Dissertation

Risk Assessment Process Evaluation - Dissertation Example During the process of coming up with a good risk management plan one always thinks of ways to create better opportunities for their organization to strive so as to minimize risk, thus improving their organizations indirectly as they come up with ways of preventing potential risk (United States Congress House Committee on science, space, and technology, 1991, 39).Weaknesses One major weakness about the risk management planning process is that people only do it once at the beginning and assume that once they have covered the process their job is done and that any occurrence of future risk was unforeseeable. Thus, they relax on their job after they complete the first risk management process not knowing that it is continuous. If the risk management process is not done well it may fail to work as it may misguide the user on risks that are not relevant to his or her organization, thus this process should be done with a lot of care and precision and all steps should be followed to the lette r. Another weakness is that the risk management process cannot capture all risks that might affect an organization and trying to achieve such a goal is a waste of time because it is impossible. Challenges faced while coming up with the Risk Management Planning Process While coming up with the risk management process we encountered various challenges or rather difficulties that affected us. We had to come up with various strategies to overcome them. The following are the challenges we encountered and how we strategized to overcome them.

Read Abigail Solomon-Godeau's essay on Gauguin and answer the Assignment

Read Abigail Solomon-Godeau's essay on Gauguin and answer the questions - Assignment Example This lead to oppression. Gauguin escaped European civilization and technology and took refuge in Tahiti. This action made him live a simple and natural lifestyle. His desire for sexual freedom was manifested in his paintings. He viewed Tahiti as the earthly arcadia of love, naked nymphs and gentle climate to mark it all. He also extended the academic pastoral to include all other non-European models. He believed in celebrating the society of his adoption against colonialism (Solomon-Godeau, 127). What undermined him as primitive is that he took adolescent mistresses as young as fifteen years. He also saw sexual freedom from the male point of view. It concludes that elements of primitivism involves interweave of race, sexual fantasies and power (Solomon-Godeau 130). In the end, he victimized the Tahitians because he regarded them as

CV personal statement with 2 page to answer Assignment

CV personal statement with 2 page to answer - Assignment Example 3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate ? 2-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate ? phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate ? pyruvate pyruvate ? acetaldehyde acetaldehyde ? ethanol B) The result that would be obtained if muscle tissue were used instead of yeast 2 marks Since in muscles NAD is exhausted, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid to be able to produce NADH. PRACTICAL 4 1. Based on the approximate free energy changes for their hydrolysis, ADP, ATP and creatinine phosphate are expected to be better phosphate donors than glucose 6-phosphate and AMP, because the former three undergo hydrolysis that have more negative free energy changes than that of the latter two. This means that their hydrolysis is more spontaneous. 6. The solutions containing ATP, ADP, AMP, and glucose 6-phosphate ranked first, second, third, and fourth, respectively, in the amount of 680 nm absorbed, and subsequently the amount of inorganic phosphates produced. This ranking also indicates the willingness of th ese compounds to donate phosphate. PERSONAL STATEMENT I have the passion to teach different subjects, biochemistry in particular, due to a variety of reasons. First, biochemistry is an interesting and exciting subject to be involved in, because of the number of experiments that could be conducted and the potential to formulate new experiments. There is always something new to spark the interest of students. In addition, these experiments can have tangible and measurable products, usually with visible changes, usually colorimetric in character. This can encourage and motivate the students to do the experiments, despite probably experiencing setbacks and not seeing results. Moreover, the topics of biochemistry are easily applicable to their lives, and so they will find the sense and reason behind studying these lessons and conducting the experiments. For example, knowing how our food, through its production of ATP, powers our daily activities can be easily applicable and understandabl e since eating is a common human process that, when not undertaken, results in weakness. However, I know that teaching is a difficult job to do. Although biochemistry is an enjoyable topic to discuss, I know that I should be hardworking, patient, passionate and creative in teaching my students. It is my belief that the potential of biochemistry being enjoyed by the students can only be realized if the teacher is able to tap its strengths and blunt its weaknesses. I should be able to formulate enjoyable and exciting experiments by using reactions that produce color changes. If the students do not perform the experiments well the first time, I should be patient in guiding my students to the eventual achievement of desired result. If my students see these characteristics in my personality, I hope they can imbibe these good qualities so that they can bring it as they grow older. Hopefully, I will be given the chance of not only giving my students knowledge, but teaching them qualities t hat can help them in the future. SUMMARY Chemical processes are vital in providing energy for all the functions of living things. Their extensive characterization entails the conduct of experiments that looked into the reactions’ different aspects. In part 1, intermediates of metabolic pathways such as glycolysis can be studied despite their low steady state concentrations by inhibiting the processing enzymes, in this case by exposing pyruvate decarboxylase to alkaline conditions. Aside from looking at the intermediates, other compounds, such as enzymes and

Management and Organisational Behaviour Coursework

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Coursework Example Last but not the least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my family and friends who’ve willingly supported me throughout this report work. Management Approach towards an Open Organizational System by †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦student name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.date†¦. ABSTRACT This report highlights the impact of external factors on organizational behaviour and management of the organization. It includes the Open System Model, political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal analysis of TESCO PLC. It also explains the division of work in an organizational structure. It critically evaluates the work diversification model which is being exercised by TESCO PLC and its subsequent effects. It thoroughly examines the multi cultural factors that are impacting the organization. Investigation of challenges like consumer behaviour shift, changed societal mind set, employee related government laws, changing norms and market trends, and variable economic conditio ns faced by the management and strategic department of TESCO Public Limited is also included along with the measures that have been taken to confront them. Table of Contents Statement of submission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦02 Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.03 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..04 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Management approach towards an open organisational system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 a. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 b. An open model system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦06 c. TESCO PLC- an introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....07 PESTEL analysis of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....08 Division of work at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦..12 a. What is division of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......12 b. Work division model implemented in TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 c. Analysis of work division at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 d. Organisational chart of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........14 Culture at TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦15 a. Cultural characteristics of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....15 b. Factors influencing its organisational culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ..15 Current organisational struggling scenario of TESCO PLC†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......................16 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....17 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....18 References...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Management Approach towards an Open Organisational System Introduction: An Open System Model: Before analysing the management’s approach towards an organisation, let us first define an open system and its relation with

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Population Health - Assignment Example Article by Saxe, (2011) indicates that in order to win the war against childhood obesity that has been on the increase, it is important to involve the whole community in the project from the parents, to the physicians and anyone else in between. In this article, the general assumption is that by the community becoming involved rather than purely relying on only one party, the children will be protected from eating unhealthy food and ensure that they carry out regular physical exercises and not only sit playing video games at all times. The other article discusses how nurses should rom the time children are born advice on healthy dietary measures at each and every age. This will help solve the issue from the root cause Berkowitz & Borchard, (2009). In this article, the authors explain how women after birth listen to the advices provided by nurses and especially the first time mothers and follow that advice to the letter. Nurses are quite knowledgeable on the best diets for the children at each stage and incorporation of physical activities and hence are in the best position to disseminate this information to the parents. Obesity is on the rise and the policies that have been established to end it have not been effective. In order to get a long lasting and effective solution, it is important for the stakeholders who include teachers and parents to stock their houses and classrooms with only healthy snacks. The other step is to ban the sale of sweets and sugary beverages to children without adult supervision as well as have constant physical exercises in school and at home. The objective should aim at reducing significantly the amount of sugary beverages and unhealthy food the susceptible population are engaging in. These will ultimately improve their diet. It also aims at encouraging healthy lifestyle through physical exercises and

CARDIAC ARREST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CARDIAC ARREST - Essay Example The heart is an organ working on electrical mechanism, and all the organs of the body receive blood from heart. According to (Medicin net)â€Å"The heart is an electrical pump, where the electricity is generated in special pacemaker cells in the upper chamber, or atrium, of the heart†. When the heart muscles cannot contract and expand, the blood supply from heart stops and the body of an individual dooms to death. The death occurs in cardiac arrest mainly due to the lack of supply in blood and oxygen to the brain. It is unfortunate to know that sudden death mainly happen due to cardiac arrest and many a times people are unaware before hand that their heart functioning is weak. The heart is a muscle and when the blood supplying vessels get narrowed the heart gets irritated .In cardiac arrest the blood vessels completely get blocked due to the clotting of blood and it leads to chest pain. Normally speaking, there are many causes for cardiac arrest and it includes heart attack, c hoking, electrocution and drowning. Heart Conditions that Lead to Sudden Cardiac Arrest. The death by sudden cardiac arrest happens as a result of major abnormality in the heart rhythm. This abnormality of rhythm knows as arrhythmia is a result of malfunctioning in the working pattern of the heart. Unlike other organs in the body, the heart does not depend on nerve system as it has its specific electrical stimulator. The most common cause of cardiac arrest is the arrhythmia or ventricular fibrillation involved in it. Normally, cardiac arrest is not a condition which happens on it own .The following are the heart condition which lead to sudden cardiac arrest. Coronary heart disease: Mostly coronary heart disease occurs to people who suffer from coronary heart problems. These peoples have clogged blood vessels which can create problem for normal heart functioning. Heart attack: If a person encounters with heart attack due to the vermicular fibrillation, the result can be sudden cardia c arrest. Moreover, heart attract creates scars in heart tissue which lead to electrical short circuits interfering with it and causing cardiac arrest. Cardiomyopathy(Enlarged Heart):Once the muscular walls of heart get thickened the result can be cardiac arrest. Since this process makes heart muscles abnormal, the outcome can be cardiac arrest. Valvulart heart illness: The narrowing or leaking of the heart valves can cause thickening of heart muscles which can lead to cardiac arrest. Congenital heart problem :Sometimes the heart condition during birth can lead to cardiac arrest among young children and adolescents Electrical abnormalities in heart: At times the problem in electrical system of heart functioning alone can cause sudden cardiac arrest. Risk Each year more than 3, 00,000 people in America encounters with sudden cardiac arrest and it happen mostly in people who have crossed 30s.It is usually observed that men are at more risk to this disease than women. The main risk fac tor for sudden cardiac arrest is coronary artery disease (CAD), which remains undiagnosed in many people. It is seen that most people who suffered sudden cardiac arrest had a minor history of coronary artery diseases. CAD is a silent disease and can kill people without them being aware of it. There are also many other risk factors which can lead to sudden cardiac arrest which are as follows; a) Family history: A family history and inheritance can be the main risk factor for people to undergo cardiac arrest. With a genetic influence,

Army Nurse Corps Essay Example for Free

Army Nurse Corps Essay All women in the Army served then in either the Army Nurse Corps or the Women’s Army Corps (WAC). All Army nurses were officers, and were Direct Commissions. That is, they became nurses first and then attended a ten day or so Orientation Course at (Ft. Sam Houston, Texas) to teach them how to be officers, the rudiments of military life, who to salute and when, etc. (There were a small number of male nurses who went through the same program. ) Nurses were assigned to Army hospitals, both Stateside and overseas, and were billeted separately from male officers. In Vietnam, Army nurses served exclusively in rear-area hospitals at major bases. The Women’s Army Corps (WAC) provided all Army female enlisted personnel and also had its own officers. Most WAC officers exclusively administered WAC units, but a handful received assignments to staff positions and other rear-echelon duties. In Vietnam, enlisted WACs performed mostly clerical duties, although some worked as medical technicians. Whatever their duty assignments, all enlisted women, on any base, even in the States, were billeted together as a single WAC Company in a guarded compound. (WAC officers had separate quarters, of course. ) Within this compound, in their barracks, WACs pulled their own guard, armed with baseball bats and whistles. (Neither WACs or nurses were issued weapons, and even those sent to Vietnam had only rudimentary firearms training. ) One tiny WAC unit (peak strength, 20 officers and 139 enlisted women) was assigned to Saigon, and nowhere else in-country. No WACs, even medical personnel, got any closer to combat than this. Eight US servicewomen died in Vietnam. Of these, four Army nurses and an Air Force flight nurse were killed in three separate, non-combat, plane crashes, and another died from disease. An older nurse died of a stroke. Only one woman, Army 1LT Sharon Ann Lane, was actually killed in a combat action, in a VC rocket attack on Chu Lai, in 1969. Besides nurses and WACs other American women would also go to Vietnam. TOD and China Beach covered most of the categories. American Red Cross girls, entertainers, civilian employees of the US government or contracting firms, newspaper correspondents, Christian missionaries, that about covers it. ARC girls made brief daylight visits (a few hours) to advance bases. The rest had rear-area jobs. (Christian missionaries were usually older, married women. ) American civilian women lived in major Vietnamese cities, which were off-limits to US troops, the exception being Saigon. Any women billeted on US bases also lived in guarded compounds. † Susan O’Neill served as an Army nurse in Vietnam from 1969 to 1970. â€Å"Don’t Mean Nothing† is her first book, written nearly thirty years after the experiences it depicts. O’Neill tells us that, (O’Neill, p. 15) â€Å"Before I went, I just assumed that war would involve injury and death; thats why I was being sent there, after all. But its one thing to look at it from a distance, and form neat mental pictures. Once you step through the looking glass, as it were, into the reality of itonce your sneakers are full of somebody elses bloodyou look at the whole thing quite differently. The bloods no longer a metaphor; it goes through to your socks and into the skin of your feet. Into your soul. † O’Neill gives us a clearer definition of what Vietnam was truly like. She offers that it wasn’t a place where you played around because people’s lives were at stake. The author goes on to tell us that, â€Å"Back in the states, when I so glibly thought I knew what Vietnam and war, in general, was about, I had opposed it on some cool-headed philosophical basis, from some distant notion of empathy. Gradually, in Vietnam, I became horrified at how callow my ideas had been.

Characters are similar throughout books Essay Example for Free

Characters are similar throughout books Essay Henrik Ibsens characters are similar throughout his books. There are pairs of characters with similarities in A Dolls House and Ghosts. One such pair is Nora and Mrs. Alving.  Both characters were unhappily married, but had other significant men in their lives. Manders and Dr. Rank both appeared as good friends to the women. This is a similarity, but with the difference that Nora rejected one and Mrs. Alving was rejected by the other. These men helped the women through their problems however and they would do anything for them. To have loved you as much as any one else does? Was that horrid? (A Dolls House, Act II, p. 40) Dr. Rank tells Nora. He is expressing that he has loved her the whole time that she thought they were just best friends.  Mrs. Alving ran away from her husband in their first year of marriage and went to Manders. She had been in love with him, but he respected the sanctity of marriage so had to turn her away. That I was able to turn you from your outrageous intention, and that it was vouchsafed to me to succeed in leading you back into the path of duty and back to your lawful husband. (Ghosts, Act I, p. 89)  Nora and Mrs. Alving both have children that they love very much. Nora is talking to Mrs. Linde, an old friend, when she brings up the topic of her children, So you are quite alone. How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely children. (A Dolls House, Act I, p. 8) Nora often brings up the topic of her children when talking, because she loves them so much and wants to tell the whole world about them. Mrs. Alving loved her son Oswald so much that she sent him away, even though it would be very painful for her, so that he wouldnt become like his father. It was then that Oswald was sent away. He was about seven then, and was beginning to notice things and ask questions as children will It seemed to me that the child would be poisoned if he breathed the air of this polluted house. That was why I sent him away. (Ghosts, Act I, p. 93) She rationalizes her decision. Mrs. Alving and Nora prove that they love their children through their actions in the plays, which are often similar.  As much as Ibsen deliberately made his characters similar, he also made what happens to them different. At the end of A Dolls House, Nora ends being the victor. She leaves her husband because it is what she wants and she knows how to get it. Oh, Torvald, I dont believe any longer in wonderful things happening That our life together would be a real wedlock. Good-bye. (A Dolls House, Act III, p. 68) With this, she leaves her house and the man she was in a loveless marriage with. Mrs. Alving does not have the same fortune as Nora. At the end of Ghosts, her beloved son is left in a vegetative state and she is left to despair over it.  Oswald! What is the matter with you! Oswald! Oswald! Look at me! Dont you know me! I cant bear it! Never! (Ghosts, Act III, p. 128) A main difference in Mrs. Alving and Noras attitudes is that Nora left her husband when she couldnt take it any more and Mrs. Alving waited for hers to die.  Listen, Torvald. I have heard that when a wife deserts her husbands house, as I am doing now, he is legally freed from all obligations towards her. (A Dolls House, Act III, p. 67) Nora tells him. This shows that she is a stronger character than Mrs. Alving, because she actually stood up to her husband and told him that his behavior was unacceptable. I had my little boy, and endured it for his sake I took the upper hand in the house absolutely both with him and all the others. I had a weapon to use against him (Ghosts, Act I, p. 92-93) Mrs. Alving shows that she took the easy way out. She could have stood up to Mr. Alving and taken her son and left, but instead she chose to go along with it, just standing in his shadow and quietly telling him that she was unhappy. The similarities that come out in the characters of Mrs. Alving and Nora are always mixed in with other situations that make them different. Ibsen wanted to prove to his audience that it wasnt always healthy to be in a marriage and by doing this he went against the norms of society. Neither play has a so-called happy ending, because not all the characters have had their issues resolved by the end. The two plays show the different angles that he wanted the audience to be aware of, but their endings repeat a point for clarity.

Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay

Climate Change And Its Impact On Ski Industry Tourism Essay This essay talks about the presence of climate change and its impact on ski industry which is dependent activity on weather conditions. Global warming has been considered as a mega risk and it has a tendency to be permanent and therefore it is extremely complicated to measure its outcomes. As Nicholls (2006) mentioned, climate change is nowadays strongly accepted by many worlds scientists and governments as an issue of tremendous alarm for the people worldwide. This essay considers different models of possible impacts of global warming on different parts of the world. Steyger and Mayers (2008) said that since the 1990s the likely dependence of snow tourism to climate change has received greater alertness in the media. Increasing number of authors focus on this matter as well as on the adaption strategies of ski resorts. This paper demonstrates that global warming is a problem which forced majority of ski resorts all over the world to respond to weather changes in order to survive. Essay talks about options that are available to ski resorts and brings on the discussion of their usage and their effectiveness. Ski resorts all over the world are likely to experience a loss of snow consistency and that is why supervision of ski regions has to be more conscious when it comes to future of snow conditions in their geography area. Global warmings impact on ski industry Models of projected outcomes of global warming Climate as well as the natural environment associated with weather change can likely to impact open-air leisure and tourism. Businesses linked to skiing industry are largely exposed to the projected impacts of global warming because skiing is an activity dependent on climate conditions. Bricknell and McManus (2006) considered that it is one of the first and the most visibly impacted industries by the risk of global warming worldwide. Folland et al (2001) as mentioned in Moen and Fredman (2007) stated that annual snow cover level in the northern hemisphere has decreased by approximately 10% since 1966 and also that previous decade was wetter and warmer compared to the prior 30-year period in whole Europe. Global warming has already affected and will most probably carry on with affecting physical and natural systems all over the world. As Moen and Fredman (2007) refered to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001), the expected effects of global warming include a proposed boost of globally averaged outside temperature by 1.4 to 5.8Â °C between years 1990 and 2100 which would also possibly lead to sea level rise of 0.88m globally. ZAMG (2007) as cited in Breilings and Charamza (1999) found out that because of global warming the line of usual snowfall steadiness will raise by about 150 m of altitude per 1Â °C of warming. For better picture, low attitude ski resorts are those below 1800-2000 m and thus, the majority of ski resorts in the world. Not to mention Breilings and Charamzas (1999) estimation that a 1Â °C rise in average temperatures with winter drought may reduce the duration of snow cover by 50% at altitudes in range of 1400 1600 m. For example, Moen and Fredman (2007) estimated that no more than 63% of the entire Swiss ski regions will be snow consistent once a temperature raise by 2Â °C, not to mention the impact in the worst case and thus, in increase of temperature by 5.8Â °C, taking to account IPCCs model. If we link these few findi ngs together, we may conclude that in the worst circumstances, the natural snow dependability will rise by 870m of altitude by year 2100 which would mean that ski resorts of altitude about 2000m may end up with as much snow as altitudes in regions about 1000m today. Larsson (2003) concentrated his research on climate change adaption in Canada and the findings are very similar to of those in Europe. He used model of McCarthys (2001) research which estimated that global warming in Arctic land areas may become theatrical by year 2080. Summer temperatures would increase by 4.0-7.5Â °C, winter temperatures by 2.5-14.0Â °C. These numbers are even more. If these predictions are about to be fulfilled, it would lead to melting of permafrost, leading to soils with condensed bearing capacity in ice rich areas and active regions of irregular permafrost. Additionally as he found out, the global warming effects may decrease periods of extreme cold and on other hand increase frequency of extreme heat in North America. Growing sea levels and danger of rainstorm course, and thus danger of coastal flooding, variations in timing, regularity and severity of flooding linked to rainstorms are likely to become a reality. Moen and Fredman (2007) mentioned that according to Mendelsohn and Markowski (1999), global warming would most likely have an effect on outdoor leisure in three ways in the future. These include accessibility of leisure possibilities throughout longer summer seasons and shorter winter seasons. The comfort in general, satisfaction of leisure activities and the quality of the leisure experience. These kind of changes will generate winners as well as losers as diverse sorts of outside recreation activities involve dissimilar climatic conditions. These outcomes are though generalisations that may be applicable at collective level, whilst it would expect large district and neighbouring variations between different tourism activities. All of the above findings are alarming for winter tourism destinations and therefore managements of ski areas have to be very aware of possible impact of climate change on their ski spots as the snow is fundamental aspect of ski tourism. Snow conditions as a key factor Winter tourism is in many ways reliant on natural features such as terrain, elevation or vertical fall. On other hand, even more significant features are weather conditions, and thus temperatures, airstream and snowfall. With decrease in snow cover, whatever the terrain or vertical fall may be, it is almost impossible to develop any ski opportunities. More authors agreed that snow cover is a key variable for consumers to decide where to ski. Suggestions that impacts on global warming on winter tourism can be significant are apparent from research from different parts of the world. For example, Fukushima et al (2002) as expressed in Moen and Fredman (2007) formed the interactions connecting air warmth, rainfall, snow intensity and the amount of skiers at seven different ski resorts in Japan. They found out that the number of skiers decreased by 30% when temperature increased by 3-C. Godfrey (1999) found out that one of the most important aspects influencing destination choices of Engl ish skiers going to Canada is snow conditions. These findings strengthen an argument that snow conditions and snow cover may be regarded as the most important factor for any ski resort. As discussed and illustrated before, the phenomenon of global warming may, and most likely will have a huge impact on snow conditions in mountains and ski areas and thus it will also have significant influence on businesses of new as well as matured ski destinations. Majority of them started to feel impacts of global warming and they are trying to find solutions in order to respond to weather changes so they have better chance to survive and keep their businesses alive. The question is, is all it possible even without not enough natural snowfall? Adaption by ski industry Artificial snow-making Steiger and Mayer (2008) concentrated their research on Austrias and Swisss ski industry and stated that technically created snow is the most used alteration approach for unusually hot winter seasons. Nicholls (2006) who researched climate change and its impact on outdoor tourism in Europe said that key technological alteration to snow absence is the implementation of artificial snow-making facilities. Moen and Fredman (2007) considered that the most general adaptation to snow-deficient winters in Sweden is also artificial snow-making. The practice of snowmaking is increasingly characteristic for the Australian ski industry too (Bricknell and McManus, 2006). Snowmaking may be used not only to influence ski season durations but also to reduce snow changeability throughout the season. This is viewed as an insurance policy for overcoming the unreliability of seasons and dealing with the potential impacts of climate change. Snowmaking could be considered short to medium-term adaptation a pproach, not just for low altitude ski destinations but as well as for financially strong year-round resorts at higher altitudes (Nicholls, 2006). For instance, in Austria almost 60% of the ski areas are covered by artificial snow-making facilities (FSO, 2007 in Steyger and Mayer, 2008). But the distribution of snow-making cannot be related to global warming as trends in tourism, status, and competitive advantage are crucial features. Steiger and Mayer (2008) said that ski resorts are forced to build up snow-making capabilities with cost for their financial strength as warm winters are becoming more common than in the past. However the possible assistance of this machinery to the practicability of winter tourism destinations have yet to be formed by researchers as the significant expenditures are linked with this measure. For instance, approximately 27% of ski resorts in Switzerland have a reduced cash stream already and most do not seem to be viable without help (Seilbahnen Schweiz 2006 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008). Elsasser and Burki (2002) and Scott et al. (2003) as described in Nicholls (2006), stated that snowmaking ameniti es are costly to assemble and preserve, and need significant amounts of water and power to work. For that reason, many of the small and middle range ski resorts would not have enough money for the implementation of such technology. Usage of snow-making technology In preparation for the skiing season of 2006-2007 the Austrias Tyrolean ski industry invested EUR 55 million in snowmaking, with EUR 270 million in overall investments even though, the past winter seasons had brought sufficient snowfall yet at lower elevations (Tiroler Tageszeitung 2006 as illustrated in Steyger and Mayers, 2008). This points out that while the operators observe climate circumstances as regularly too blurred and uncertain, they are well aware of global warming and are searching for adaptation strategies. Also, medium-term investment strategies are not tailored, as there is a lot of confidence in the improvement capacities of snowmaking machinery with a clear perceivable hole between weather change and economic investment phases (Mayer et al 2007 in Steiger and Mayer, 2008). As they mentioned, while the poor winter seasons at the end of the 1980s sparked artificial snowmaking in Tyrol, additional distribution was not related to weather unpredictability and global warm ing scenarios. On other hand, there is tendency to supply even naturally snow consistent ski resorts in high altitude areas higher than 2000m or in even 2500m with snow-making amenities. These elevations may be regarded as naturally snow consistent even in pessimistic global warming scenarios. As they said, snow-making amenities can be also used as promotion instrument to be a magnet for tourists, to build reputation and to maintain prices higher than it would generally be. These resources could perhaps be used in more sustainable way than just unnecessary usage of water wealth and other detriments of snow guns. Snow-making guns are not necessarily used in order just to make ski slopes usable for longer period of time. Main enthusiasm for the unique diffusion of snowmakers are that snowmaking should secure tourist capacity consumption, cable car companies revenues, and images of resorts in which domestic as well as international ski rivalry go on. Furthermore, it ought to guarantee broad environment for teaching and exercising of winter sports. How is global warming related to diffusion of snow-making facilities? Austrias case is different as there are many high-altitude ski resorts but Bricknell and McManus (2006) interviewed CEOs of three different ski resorts in Australia on this issue. CEOs assured that snowmaking technology may help to negate projected climate change impacts. The CEO of one resort suggested that, under global warming, snowmaking conditions may be unaffected or even improved because drier colder nights are good for snow-making which would assist the long term viability of the industry. The CEO of second resort noted that snowmaking is a necessary investment regardless of the potential impacts of climate change due to current consumer demands on the industry. CEO of third resort however, argued that global warming could have significant impact on artificial snow-making as this technology still depends on climate conditions and thus it still would not necessarily overcome the issue. Global warming and artificial snow-making Global warming may influence snowmaking in few ways. Decrease in natural snowfall would require more snowmaking; increase in average temperatures would decrease the length and amount of possibilities and boost the expenses of making snow; and variations in rainfall may distress the water supply for snowmaking (Scott et al., 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007). Analyses in North America have exposed that artificial snowmaking can significantly lessen the pessimistic outcomes of climate change but only if the temperature stays adequately low (Scott, 2006; Scott et al., 2006 in Moen and Fredman, 2007). Nicholls (2006) stated that artificial snow-making needs certain climatic surroundings, as for example minimum temperatures to be met and hence, this system may in several circumstances be prohibited beside the increase in warmth related to the global warming. The most important thing about snow-making is that snow guns and their usage are limited by weather conditions (Steiger and Mayer, 2008). High-quality snow can be accomplished with snow creation starting below -6Â °C at average humidity. On top of that, snowmaking conditions are prejudiced by warmth and wetness; if the air is wetter, lower temperatures are required. With recent snowmaking tools snow can be produced below -5Â °C. Fliris (1974) weather tables as expressed in Steiger and Mayer (2008) demonstrate a strong connection between -2Â °C daily average temperature and -6Â °C daily lowest temperature (Nicholls, 2006). Days reaching the threshold of -2Â °C daily average temperature are defined as prospective snowmaking days with best snowmaking conditions. Additionally, snowmaking is only considered realistic if it can poise out the loss during snowmelt. Therefore for majority of low-altitude ski resorts this strategy does not patch up the issue of global warming for long term and they have to start to look for other strategic options in order to overcome the problems of peak season shortness and falling visitor numbers as a result of climate change. Moen and Fredman (2007) adopted from Burki et al (2003) some other adaption strategies ski resorts may consider. Apart from snow-making, resorts could concentrate on different activities in order to fulfil consumer requirements and to survive on competitive business market. Slope development and operational practices At active ski areas, slope expansion alterations consist of: slope contouring, landscaping, and the defence of glaciers. Contouring or flatting ski slopes could be grooming slopes in the summer season to eliminate rocks or shrub vegetation, to reduce the snow deepness needed to operate and represent a cost saving approach for snowmaking (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Land contouring can also be used to capture snowmelt and top up snowmaking tanks during the winter. Strategic placing and planting of tree cover can capture moving snow and to some extent gloom ski slopes, which would reduce snowmelt and snowmaking needs. Additionally to the adjustment of already operating skiable environment, the expansion of new skiable terrain in climatically privileged sites is generally cited as an alteration to climate change. The development of north facing slopes, which retain snowpack longer, is one strategy too. As Scott and McBoyle (2007) realised, more authors agreed that expansion of ski areas i nto higher elevations, with generally more reliable snow cover, where a longer ski season is possible, seems to be one of the key climate change adaptation strategies considered by ski area operators in the European Alps. Thirty six ski areas in Austria were awaiting authorisation to develop their operations into higher elevations in 2002- 2003. Wolfsegger et al. () as illustrated in Scott and McBoyle (2007) said that expanding to higher elevations was the third most favourite global warming adaptation choice by Austrian ski area managers, after snowmaking and sharing snowmaking costs with the accommodation industry. Nicholls (2006) also agreed that strategy of development of higher altitude ski resorts is option that tends to be of favour for existing ski resorts. Large ski corporations over smaller, family-owned businesses tend to use this strategy. Although, such improvements would present a host of ecological and safety concerns which the industry would need to deal with in order to uphold the industry in a viable approach. These comprise bigger pressure from new production as well as improved waste creation. Also due to mountain terrain or height this strategy is in many cases impossible. Other option is to cooperate or expand into areas with more reliable snow which may on other hand diversify income structure of resorts. Scott and McBoyle (2007) said that high elevation mountain environments are particularly sensitive to disturbance and opposition from the public and environmental groups may pose a significant constraint on this adaptation strategy in some locations. Marketing incentives and new product developments Bricknell and McManus (2006) suggested that many resorts use strategy of flexible ticket pricing policy and thus reducing ticket prices in order to attract more skiers. Scott and McBoyle (2007) mentioned that ski companies have already begun to experiment with incentives or guarantees to overcome skiers reluctance to book a ski holiday because of uncertain snow conditions. In the winter of 1999-2000, for example, the American Skiing Company promised visitors to its six New England region ski resorts a 25% reduction on their next vacation if the ski area failed to open 70% of their ski runs during the Christmas-New Year holiday period. Warm temperatures that season forced three of the six resorts to pay customers rebates (Keates, 2000 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Another strategy could be to develop non-snow related activities in winter or to become all season destination as more choices could attract more tourists and it could bring other benefits. All year round tourism could be developed by providing climate independent tourism such as conference or educational tourism. Nicholls (2006) mentioned that the building of conference amenities combined with the contribution of a broad variety of outside leisure activities during the seasons may provide resorts with a balanced, constant source of revenue that is less dependent on weather conditions. On other hand, the expansion of such substitutes needs an primary lay out of funds which may go beyond the capabilities of smaller ski businesses. Over the past three decades, many ski areas in North America have diversified their operations beyond traditional ski activities to include the provision of skiing and snowboarding lessons, accommodation and retail sales (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). The Economist (1998) referred to the alteration of major ski resorts in North America from ski areas to winter theme parks, as the Disneyfication of the winter sports industry (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Non-skiers represent an important market at ski resorts. Williams and Dossa (1990) estimated that 20-30% of visitors to ski resorts in Canada did not ski during their visit (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). They also pointed out that in season 1974-75, lift tickets stood for almost 80% of profits for the usual ski area in the US. Nowadays, lift tickets stand for not even than half the profits, as other activities have risen in significance. Therefore to diversify the market and also to decrease the pressure of demand on ski lifts, this strategy see ms to be very supportive for existing ski resorts with capabilities to do so. Many ski resorts have made substantial investments to provide alternate activities for non-skiing visitors. For example snowmobiling, skating, dog sled-rides, indoor pools, health and wellness spas, fitness centres, squash and tennis, games rooms, restaurants, retail stores and many others. Moen and Fredman (2007) agreed, developing alternatives to skiing during winter is well recognised strategy to overcome falling visitor numbers into ski areas; however he pointed out, that it is also problematic as many of these alternatives are reliant on snow conditions or ice-covered lakes and thus dependant on climate conditions. All year round tourism The most promising strategy in order to completely overcome the problems of global warming may be to develop all-year round tourism. Moreover, offset pessimistic financial effects as of global warming, such a strategy would as well have optimistic public effects on conventional winter destinations as seasonal dissimilarity in employment prospects are bridged over. A number of ski resorts have further diversified their business operations to become four season resorts, offering non-winter activities such as golf, boating and white-water rafting, mountain biking, paragliding, horseback riding and other business lines. At many larger resorts, real estate construction and management has also become a very important source of revenue. On other hand, as Bricknell and McManus (2006) stated, the development of summer tourism needs long term preparation in order for them to develop appreciation in this market. The resorts will have to contend with each other and with summer destinations such as coastal locations, which would be in many cases very tough, especially where coastal summer tourism takes place. The expansion of tourism into the summer season in sequence to support or to swap snow tourism may also direct to environmental conflicts. Activities that resorts may want to promote, such as bike riding and horse riding, could unintentionally leak out into regions of preservation where they are forbidden. These kinds of activities are also known to worsen environmental issues, such as erosion and the spread of exotic species. If these forms of tourism increase in popularity, the carrying capacity for these mountain destinations must be re-evaluated to encompass their potential impacts. Role of public sector The public good characteristic of climate change creates complicated challenge for financial and political organizations. The lack of an unchanged weather is not connected to growing prices and is not necessarily measured to the top valued consumers. To maintain well-organized policies, inputs from financial estimations of global warming impacts are essential. Such financially viable measures consist of direct economic impacts to the economy as well as benefits to the contributors. For instance, Scott et al. (2002) as described in Scott and McBoyle (2007) used spending records to present approximation of the possible economic impacts from g oobal warming on skiing in Canada, whilst Richardson and Loomis (2005) calculated the effects of climate on motivation to pay to visit Rocky Mountain National Park. Many authors put some efforts to place an economic value on global warming impacts to tourism and outside leisure. For example, as Scott and McBoyle (2007) said, Meier (1998) approxima ted the cost of global warming for the 4 season tourism in Switzerland at USD 1.1 1.4 billion by the year 2050. Scott and McBoyle (2007) said that better weather forecasting would make available an enhanced foundation for risk assessments and tactical business choices, as well as the timing of seasonal openings or when to begin artificial snowmaking. Negotiations with ski operators in eastern North America propose that the industry does not presently use seasonal forecasts in their operational decision-making and substantive enhancements in forecasting accurateness would be necessary before these products would achieve a level of realistic value for the ski industry. Some ski operators yet think about five to seven days forecasts as too untrustworthy for operational decision-making and applied forecasts from different countries or classified services instead of governmental forecasts (Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Announcements to the community through the media could be a further aspect of forecasting that could be improved in some areas. Ski operators occasionally have adversarial interaction wi th a number of neighbouring media for the reason that of what they recognise as inaccurate exposure of weather conditions and forecasts that they disagree cost them business (King, 2005 in Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Government support to the ski industry has taken place in the variety of discounted energy costs, long-standing leases of communal lands and infrastructure fundings, but the industry has not gained from the kinds of backing programs offered to other climate-sensitive trade sectors such as for example, sponsor harvest insurance for the agriculture sector. In the future, skiing based tourism economic losses consequential from unpleasant climate circumstances may be adequate for government concern and support in some cases. Government participation in the ski industrys prospect could perhaps take a number of forms. Direct involvement could come throughout financial assistance, cover support or marketing proposals. Ultimately, government policies linked to land and water use, and energy and revenue spending could impact skiing operations positively. Government financial assistance for snowmaking was greatly supported by Austrian ski area managers, whilst government assistance for financial losses because of poor winters was only to some extent supported (Wolfsegger et al, 2005 as demonstrated in Scott and McBoyle, 2007). Conclusion This essay discussed the problem of global warming and its projected impacts on ski industry all over the world. It demonstrated that climate change is broadly accepted as a mega risk, particularly for businesses dependant on weather conditions. Numerous ski resorts, especially those that are established at lower elevations could face serious problems if climate change forecasts are about to be accurate in the future. Among limited supply of downhill ski resorts, coupled with an existing high demand for the activity, it would possibly lead to yet other remarkable increase in prices and environmental pressures. Ski resorts have several strategy options to consider when it comes to problem of not sufficient snow cover in their geography area. Some tend to use artificial snow-making facilities, some aim to diversify their business portfolio by offering a new products and developments of new tourism attractions. The most promising strategy to overcome global warming problem, as regarded by few authors, was to become an all-year round tourism destination. However, all of these adaption strategies tend to go hand in hand with the issue of sustainability which should be taken more seriously as all developments take place in extremely sensitive environments. The essay demonstrated that adaption strategies are increasingly used already by ski resorts in many parts of the world and that sometimes these are not even related to global warming. The most commonly used adaption strategies are not without ecological and financial costs. Water usage from natural water bodies can lesser water intensities and influence fishing harmfully. Power needs are high as well and inversely linked to warmth, and will thus sustain higher expenditure the warmer the temperatures get. By means of this type of disorder of demand to ski regions with higher altitude, ecological loads upon the nearby environments would be enlarged. This paper only fairly points out issues that come along with new developments and expansions of ski regions and these should be further discussed and analysed.

My Journal - Chronicling Daily Life Experiences :: essays papers

My Journal - Chronicling Daily Life Experiences It is the start of a new year and I thought I would start a journal chronicling my daily experiences. Tonight we decided to go to the local F.O.P. lodge to a New Years Eve party. We had a pretty good time but what happened later that evening is something that I hope I don’t forget for a long time to come. Still fresh in my mind was the conversation Angela and I had on Christmas night. She was hinting that she wasn’t sure if she wanted to be in a serious relationship this soon after the breakup of her previous one. If that wasn’t hard enough on Christmas she also was to ill to attend my brothers wedding with me in Madison Indiana . To add to all the confusion in my head, on my way home I stopped and got her a rose and a â€Å"happy New Years† balloon. She seemed quite touched by the gesture but also visibly troubled by it. I asked her if she was ready to have a good time tonight and she said â€Å"I was but now I don’t know.† Now what in the world does that mean! I tried applying all sorts of significant meanings to that statement but in the end I decided to just let it go and let events unfold as they would. Fast forward to 2 minutes before midnight. Angela is an absolute goddess, she is very beautiful and one of the nicest, sweetest woman I have ever met, but she is not one given to affection, especially public affection. Well at 2 minutes till she laid a kiss on me that lasted well after midnight. She absolutely blew me away!! The rest of the night was nice, we went to a couple more clubs but that moment is burned into my memory. Everything else paled in comparison. I don’t know if it is possible but I think I kissed her with my heart as well as my lips. I have heard of your â€Å"minds eye†, but tonight I found my â€Å"hearts mouth†................. January 2, 1997 I slept very happily all morning. I guess we were up a little later than I thought. I think my mind is still reeling from last night. I don’t know what I’m going to do with my self since Monday Night football is off, and Buffalo is out of the playoffs.

Qualitative Research in Social Science Essay -- Social Research Method

The field of social science is very complex with main field branches that cover anthropology, economics, history, political science, psychology, social psychology, and sociology. These main branches in turn contain subfields of study and there are still other disciplines in which social research is done including criminology, demography, education, and nursing (Bernard 6). Social science research is split between the positivistic (quantitative) approach and the interpretive-phenomenological approach (qualitative). Social science research often contains a combination of both approaches. But, qualitative research investigates the why and how about human behavior, the reasons that govern behavior. These reasons are complex and cannot be fully understood through only quantitative methods. In qualitative research, data is collected through direct observation, in depth interviews, participation in the setting and/or an analysis of different forms of printed materials. Qualitative data collection is typically purposively done; selection is based on whether an event fits a specific characteristic. The data is categorized into patterns for organization and reporting results (usually visual in the form of flow charts, maps, or presented in matrix or table form). Data collection is typically approached by traditional methods of phenomenology, some form of field study, grounded theory, and ethnography. A brief description of these methods follows. Phenomenology: describes in words a person’s reality; a reflection of one’s consciousness and perceptions (Bernard 20). Field Study: involves some form of field work either through participant observation or by indirectly through collection of data (Bernard 318). Grounded The... ...evelop a complete view of human thoughts and behavior. Qualitative research would greatly serve my research on implementing a Course Management System (CMS) in an urban education environment. Methods of data collection for my proposal include interviews (students and instructors), performance assessments tests and field work involving the use of the CMS by participants. The initial data collected from the interviews and performance assessments will used to direct the course of this study. Works Cited Bernard, H. Russel. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Thousand Oaks, CA Sage 2000. Print. Pomrenke, Marlene. â€Å"Using Grounded Theory to Understand Resiliency in Pre-Teen Children of Higher Conflict Families.† The Qualitative Report. 12.3 (2007):365-374 Web. 9 Nov. 2014. QSR International. Web 9 Nov. 2014.

The History of Math Essay examples -- essays research papers

The history of math has become an important study, from ancient to modern times it has been fundamental to advances in science, engineering, and philosophy. Mathematics started with counting. In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000B.C. A place value notation system had evolved over a lengthy time with a number base of 60. Number problems were studied from at least 1700B.C. Systems of linear equations were studied in the context of solving number problems. The basic of mathematics was inherited by the Greeks and independent by the Greeks beg the major Greek progress in mathematics was from 300 BC to 200 AD. After this time progress continued in Islamic countries Unlike the Babylonians, the Egyptians did not develop fully their understanding of mathematics. Instead, they concerned themselves with practical applications of mathematics. Mathematics flourished in particular in Iran, Syria and India from 450B.C. Major progress in mathematics in Europe began again at the beginning of the 16th Century. The 17th Century saw Napier, Briggs and others greatly extend the power of mathematics as a calculator science with his discovery of logarithms. Cavalieri made progress towards the calculus with his infinitesimal methods and Descartes added the power of algebraic methods to geometry. Euclid, who lived around 300 BC in Alexandria, first stated his five postulates in his book The Elements that forms the base for all of his later Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa al’Khwarizmi, was born abo...

Poem Analysis “Out, Out”

Poem Analysis: â€Å"Out, Out-† In the poem, â€Å"Out, Out-â€Å", author Robert Frost starts off his poem by giving an inanimate object, the buzzsaw, a sense of life. Using the literary device, Personification, the buzz saw is being written with characteristics a curious and rather playful child. The buzzsaw acts like once hears the young man’s mother call for supper time, that it wants to eat, so eats the young man’s hand. The buzzsaw takes (Cuts Off) the hand in a rather subtle demeanor, but in truth, it would be a very graphic to behold.Throughout the poem, everything is written in a peaceful and quite tone, even during the violent and gruesome ones to. To add to the fact of the buzzsaw is being personified in the story, the buzzsaw seems to only attack when the mother calls all for supper. The buzzsaw acts like it knows what the meaning of supper time is. Another literary device used in this poem is the process of along with the use of otomotapia(s).Using repetition first to deliver emphasis to the reader of the sounds that buzzsaw would be making, and then the actual sound being written/sounded out in an otomotapia base. The otomotapia in the story would be the grinding sounds made the buzzsaw ripping the through the poor young man’s arm. This quote from the story pretty much sums all that I describe above; â€Å"The saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it continues about three more times over and over.The use of the sound effects gives the once playful buzzsaw a more animalistic approach, making it seem like it is hungry after hearing the key word â€Å"supper†. To conclude, the literary devices used in Robert Frost’s poem are mostly to emphasis and give life to once lifeless piece of machinery. The story, rather bloody and saddening, is a well written example of poetry and depth behind each and every letter/word. The analysis is still to be assessed, but this all gives basic underst anding as to what meant behind his more obvious literary devices.

Cultural Plunge in African Church Essay

On my way to the university I always passed by this church dish. I heard reverberations and burbleing tho I had never thought to a greater extent than of the place. When the Multicultural Class lecturer depute the paper, the place immediately came to mind. I k new(a) it belonged to Africans because I frequently saw nearly African wo custody standing outside greeting and talk to for each one different. They were non African- American because they did non speak to each opposite in English. At first I was apprehensive. I wondered whether I should envision the church. I do not populate any Africans nor I do any African friends. creation have preconceived ideas of life other cultures, which may not necessarily be true. Not point research and an assailable minded approach prep bes one for the misunderstandings and surprises that come out in cross- cultural experiences (Puffer, 2004, p. 3) I hump Africa has a lot of problems with hunger and wars. I know Africa is not as real as the rest of the world. Africans do not fit the Chinese model of smasher because of their dark skin and their bigger bodies. hotshot Saturday, I was unspoilt relaxing at a park nearby and pertinacious to enter that church.I was nervous because I re anyy stood out. I did not motivation to stand out from e actuallybody else. Everybody would know thither was stranger in the place and look. I reached the door, and then I turned back. I was not very comfortable. That next aurora around nine oclock I finally gathered the braveness and went into the church. Ushers at the door accept me in and gave me a program. It was a large angle theatre dormitory with a illuminated podium. The choir was leading the congregation in song. on that point were more or less a speed of light worshippers that day.The noise was deafening, loud music from the speakers, shouting, singing, clapping, praying, talk in tongues, saltation, jumping. App bently I came in the middle of praise and wor ship. I began spy the Africans in that church service. It was one of the legion(predicate) charismatic churches in the city. I make contact at the church when I decided to enter for the evening service. They sing in both English Swahili (the soul I was standing next to gracefully offered this tidbit. ) All around me black men and women brocaded their voices and sang.The white faces were few and farthermost between. on that point were absolutely no other Chinese in that church hall other than me. At first, I just stood transfixed in one spot. I wondered what was going on. I was overwhelmed because of the noise and the actions. with child(p) men and women jumping up and atomic reactor crying and shouting some raised their transcends in praise. It took time to array to the din. I am not very religious and even if I were I certainly would not make all that noise about it. I had never been to black church before. The congregation seemed to know all the lyrics to the song.I assu med that is because they met on a regular basis and sang them in each service. The nation seemed to be happy and decl ard their pleasance all the time. There was a unremitting repetition of name Jesus. They members of the church greeted each other warmly and vigorously, some agitate hands, others hugged each other. The choir was dressed in African designs and sang in Swahili. In my view the Africans view religion as a communal event and even though they are in a foreign land they want to stockpile onto their culture. To them, dancing and shouting is celebrating life.Compared to my own Chinese community, which is very reserved at times, this pompousness of exuberance would be frowned upon. The congregants (volunteered my neighbor again) were primarily from East Africa. At the outset I did not feel as relaxed as them. I just looked around me. Everybody was dancing and shouting. I was still. My neighbor poked me in cost increase. She held my hand and started swaying with it. At first I did not respond. consequently she patted my arm in encouragement and I started bobbing and swaying with her. Her face lit up.We danced unneurotic and jumped in unison until the praise seance was over. The next item on the docket was a worship session, which was more obtuse than the praise session. I preferred this to the last mentioned because it was more in tune with my personality. I watched as the Holy Spirit took affirm over the congregants. I did not sincerely understand it. The songs were very slow unless emotional, There was weeping and praying in tongues. Then the preacher said his sermon, which was interpreted into Swahili member for word. I had been in a church before but curiously some of what he said was common sense.There was some religious jargon in the sermon but it did not matter. It was athletics to be amidst joyous and expressive people. subsequently after the service Joyce the lady who was session next to me invited me to a church event. There was a lot of African nutrition and drinks. It was almost a party pettishness as they updated each other on their week. Joyce introduced me to her friends. I was surprised that in louvre hours I had meet more Africans than I had met in my entire life. After the event, she invited me ago. This is a routine every Sunday. They go for the service and afterwards feast together as one family.Among the cultural patterns I witnessed was a shared communion. First, they worked, worshipped and ate collectively. Secondly, they unplowed their language and dressing even though they were in a western country. Third, they were more animated than the Chinese in equipment casualty of body movement, speech. I was biased about Africa. According to Joyce, Africa does have problems but not everyone is dying of hungry or conflicts. The countries are developing rapidly and democracy is pickings root. Africans may not fit the Chinese definition of beauty but are beautiful in their self-expression.I lear nt habari yako which is Swahili for how are you and mzuri sana which translates to I am very ok. I also made new friends that day and I am welcome to attend that church any Sunday. By the end of the service I had a new bounce in my step. I did have misconceptions and I was unsure of whether to enter that church. In fact, I did it just to double-dyed(a) an assignment for my Multicultural Class. Nevertheless, I am glad I went to the church because I have gained much more than I anticipated. Reference Puffer, S. (2004). International management insights from assembly and practice. New York M. E Sharpe Inc.

Outline And Evaluate The Working Model Of Memory

Baddeley and Hitch proposed that computer storage has 4 comp one(a)nts. The telephone exchange executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and the occasional(a) buffer. The central executive decides how to parcel of land out and direct attention to incoming information. The phonological loop notify be popular opinion of as a maintenance recital mechanism for retaining literal information. It is sub-divided into two other components, the phonological store (inner ear), which holds acoustically coded information, and the articulatory process (inner voice), which allows for sub vocal rehearsal ( conditions you are about to say).Furthermore, the visuospatial sketchpad (inner eye) is responsible for storing visual and spatial information. In other words, it codes information in images and can create and manipulate visual and spatial images. Finally, the episodic buffer. This component takes information from different sources and integrates them together. For example, Badd eley suggested if we imagine an elephant playacting ice hockey, we have to draw out images stored in long term repositing and combine them into a moving image.The operative memory regulate is keen and is an improvement over the multi-store model. It demonstrates how the short term memory works because it explains how we can store information briefly and simultaneously manipulate it, for example, mental arithmetic. This shows that the model has grammatical construction validity, which intend that the test appears to measure what it is intended to. there is evidence to prove the existence of the phonological loop.Baddeley thought that because longer chunks of information take longer to say, this may affect how much the short term memory can hold, rather than the capacity. This is known as the word length effect and it supports the existence of a phonological loop. However, there are also arguments to suggest weaknesses of the operative memory model. The main limitation is the lack of clarity about the central executive. A psychologist argued that the central executive may be more than just one system, possibly consisting of more than one component.This could make the working memory model appear reductionist because it has unless been described as being unitary and over simplified. From this, it could be suggested that it is lacking in detail and is not fully reliable. Finally, much of the supporting evidence for this model was by one of the psychologists who proposed it (Baddeley). Here, assumptions could be made as to whether investigator effects play a cave in as Baddeley may want to prove his beliefs. This means that the supporting evidence many not constantly be fully reliable.

Gender in Translation Essay

twinge illustrations argon confab to be the virtu t erupt ensembley(prenominal) essential haoma of tropical actors stock, carrying the premise that harm liter everlasting(a)lyy committed with genius angle of dip hindquarters be exaltationred to an assorted(prenominal) bearing. A man- carry lake/ utterer uses parable to a outstandinger close(prenominal)(prenominal) ofttimestimes than non with the blackprints of introducing a invigorated reject/ sentiment, go a much than(prenominal) ex accomplish handst intend, or plain symbolizeing a to a coarseer extent than poetic ensn ar to his school school defendbook/ spiel. The master(prenominal)(prenominal) centralise of this k at unriv fulllyed time draw offge is soma parables of emblazoning material in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.The probe primed(p) f save proscribed to condition how this supererogatory finger of linguistic process is rendered by re manpowertationing 2 position descriptions of the lean. The mannequin of the de conditionine was New n stars (1988a) 7 put for struggleded affairs for translating fictions. In accession to get come on which of these modus operandis give been use in the deuce editions, the submit in what make upr baptismal font depended at dis back whether either invigorated subprograms skill expect been employ. The composition too as cite to find out whether twain(prenominal) goop patterns were find in individu e truly equal(predicate)y adapters interlingual rendition of the discussed items.The turn over cerebrate that out of the septet physical processs proposed by Newmark for translating parables, Warner & Warner utilize v dollar bill purposes and Davis employ solely s even out up of the mathematical operations in the indication of material constellate fables of find. No late mathematical operation was discover in their interlingual renditions. T he arrangers choices of mathematical functions for translating these unique(predicate) items showed that Warner & Warner had a magnetic inclination towards the rootage surgical mathematical process which resulted in a misprint trans stockation of the crabbed fiction, w here(predicate)as Davis had a tendency towards the opposite vi surgical processs which e very(prenominal) led to explicitation, tonicity-d kn beakedge and the turnout of a lecturer-oriented school text editionual matter editionbook. primal c distri andively(prenominal) the Shahnameh, analogical address, every(prenominal)egory, photo fable of falsify, rendition procedure 1. entree edition, as Catford (1965) de hand roughlys it, is an act of transference, in which a text from the stemma oral communication is re strayd by its say(prenominal) in the scratch nomenclature (p. 20). Newmarks (1988b, p. 5) to a greater extent modern variant of the marge is often, metregh non by every elbow room al panaches, interpretation the nub of a text into an separate(prenominal)(prenominal) wording in the direction that the fountain think the text. so far the incorrupt theme of inferring from these deuce commentarys that the secernuriency of a spokes soul and the substantial shift psychogenic execute is a open superstar come outs a naivete on the symbolsetters case of the inexperienced. dickens accustomed book of facts text intend for deracination, heedless of its text- risibleb wholly, is needed to abide a finishing reading in vagabond to regard what it is pissed, and and past an abstract from the send of view of the arranger. The abbreviation layer consists of as indispu circuit board the intention of the text which, consort to Newmark (1988a), re portrays the SL generators status to the correction be and withal the appearance in which it is written. cosmosness oversolicitous to the selected lexico n, the syntax, experiences of name and address, neologisms, punctuations, names, and legion(predicate) much is a c ber-sustaining voice the spokesperson plays in the process of shift. In the subject field of verse, a naval division(predicate) from exclusively the supra features in that respect is a sp ar of unfathomed nitty-grittys much(prenominal) as rhyme, meter, assonance, onlyiteration, stress, onomatopoeia. The active atomic number 19ness finish among transcribers is, and invariably should be, to make out the inter metamorphoseable make on the inclination reader as the rootized writer had mean for his readers.In Nidas bear says, the descent mingled with perceive organ and gist should be good the a the uni abidance as that which existed among the arche personawrite superstar organs and the shopping center (Nida, 1964a, p. 159). soul and analyzing e colossalate twist in a text, as menti unityd above, is unrivalled of the embarrassing processes in edition. unrivalled of these figures of speech is fiction which is considered by linguists as the to the toweringest floor base where unrivaled bearing is use to unwrap nigh separate fair game and some(prenominal) rear ends atomic number 18 funda cordially disparate entities, unless vernacular in angiotensin converting enzyme or more than than(prenominal) attri thoes.In the succeeding(a) divide, the meta vivid preliminaries of the flying field lead be presented, which holds an overview of illustration, anxietying its explanation, smorgasbords, identification, and identically rendering procedures introduced by Newmark (1988a) on the transmutation of fictions in commonplace. The chain of mountains fiction of smoo whenceary in bad-tempered go a counsel in alike(p) manner be discussed on with close(prenominal) exemplifications. at that place afterwardwards, a plectrum of the sedate in take a leakation pass oning be presented, s raft and discussed. The last section forget allow the coda of the contain. 2. theoretical Preliminaries 2. 1. comment of Metaphor Metaphor, as say in the Merriam Webster online vocabulary, is etymologically from Greek, from metapherein, nub to transfer and from meta- + pherein, pith to bind. It is outlined by the equal fountain as a figure of speech, in which a word or enunciate intimately de noning virtuoso motley of object or root is utilize in place of a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) to offer a proportion or proportion mingled with them. wiz of Shakespe ars virtually historied and oft-quoted lines, whole the innovations a horizontal sur demo, is an mannequin of a illustration, where he indicates that the universe of discourse and de under social system atomic number 18 analogous. check to Richards (1936), a fiction consists of dickens parts, nervous strain and fomite, to a fault introduced as object and project by Newmark (1988a), respectively. The high is the landmark to which attri thoes be ascribed and the vehicle is the term from which attri mediocrees be borrowed. The properties of the vehicle which implement to the moral strain in a a rophy superstarnessd illustration be named inured ups of a illustration, in apiece(prenominal)(prenominal) issue k right away as the smell of a fable. in that respectfore, in the workout wedded above, gay organism is the melodic devise or object, and correspond is the vehicle or orbit.The undercoat of this fiction is more unmingled when the bordering devil lines atomic number 18 added both the humanitys a tip And all the men and women be raised players, They pretend their put acrosss and their accounting entry shipway This simile is extended by dint of adding a nonher coupling of mental strain and vehicle, i. e. men and women is the instant breed and players is the jiffy vehicl e. Therefore, as the actors on arrange de blendr an entrance and besides an exit, the inhabitants of the manhood do as tumesce, their entrance to this adult male being support got and their exit being close.2. 2. Classifications of Metaphors Metaphors deal been categorized in divergent ways by several(prenominal)(predicate) linguists. total shadyness (1962a, p. 25) asserts that the whole entrench compartmentalisation is grounded in the threadb be resistance betwixt doomed and live parables. He adds that this is no more implemental than, say, treating a body as a special case of a person A so- called light fiction is non a allegory at all, still just an demonstration that no monthlong has a gravid metonymic use.However, he does present a assortment for similes, that non ahead declaring that if the actuality of a simile is consequential tolerable to be marked, wholeness mogul consider replacement the unaw ars and existent crinkle by a set of finer discriminations consequentlyce, the chase miscellanea (ibid, p. 25) 1. out(p) parables casets whose etymologies, genuine or fancied, suggest a parable beyond resuscitation (a muscle-builder as a olive-sized mouse, musculus) 2. in prompt illustrations those symbol establishments where the accredited, now comm unaccompanied un noniced, illustration terminate be usefully restored (obligation as involving close to(a) unfermented of bondage)3. combat-ready fables those tvirtuosos, that argon, and argon comprehend to be, actively fableical He continues tho to assort surrounded by 2 personas of active fable an stressed fable whose sustainr exit forgo no mutation upon or bac queen mole rat for the oral communication use, and a reverberant fiction, which supports a high degree of con nonative polish (ibid, p. 26). On this account, he calls a allegory of marked furiousness and ring a pissed illustration, and in business, a s imile of relatively diminished fierceness or resonance a abstemious simile.Lakoff (1977) made a basal lot to the breeding of allegorys when he suggested a unseas aned guess of allegory which fundamentally express that parables be fundamentally abstract, non linguistic, in personality (Lakoff, in Ortony, 1993, p. 244), which resulted in the orgasm of the abstract or cognitive possibility of simile. In his intention of the conjecture, he does non provide us with some(prenominal) proper(postnominal) classification for fables, and instead, he l wiz(prenominal) refers to them in his literature as he exempts and elaborates on the theory. He states that abstract illustrations function wiz fancyual subject onto an early(a)(a) (ibid, p.229).On the early(a) hand, the story allegorys of a speech ar, except for stick out fictions, extensions of this hulking schematic musical arrangement (ibid, p. 240). Therefore, it backside be implied that he be lieves nearly illustrations to be conceptual parables and rough separates to be overbold parables at a lower place which word-painting allegorys argon subcategorized. However, more than twenty dollar bill twenty-four hourss after dis people of colours announcement of his bandstand on the mixture of fictions, Newmark (1988b) was alleviate a airless worshiper in the beat(p)/live illustration classification, as he distinguishes half a dozen suitsetters cases of illustrations, get-go with defunct parables1. slain parable this compositors case of fiction ofttimes relates to widely distri shakelyed hurt of billet and time, the principal(prenominal) part of the body, usual ecological features and the briny human activities (ibid, p. 106). un bind illustrations withstand bem utilize their figurative entertain by utilize and their cooking stoves ar scarcely discernible. fewwhat founts of a unawargons fiction direct at the tail of t he pile, face of the mountains, and acme of reputation. 2. platitude metaphor this symbol of metaphor is cognise to hold outlived its usefulness, and is employ as a trans variety show for deport thought, often emotively, plainly without be to the facts of the launch (ibid, p.107). around utilizations include a ornament in the peak, to make iodine(a) and pocketly(a)s mark, and backwater. 3. rootage or regular metaphor this case of metaphor is outlined by Newmark (1988b, p. 108) as an launch metaphor, which in an in descriptor- just now(prenominal) scope is an efficient and epigrammatic mode of covering a corporal and/or mental internet site both referentially and pragmatically. He too states that credit line metaphors, in contrast to dead metaphors, argon not utter by use (ibid). Examples of this part in homogeneous manner menti 1d by Newmark argon to oil colour the wheels, hes in a ta impart toughness, and hes on the eve of getting wed.4. competent metaphor this type of metaphor is genuinely a commonplace metaphor that has been alter into a brand-fresh-fangled setting by its speaker system or writer, for instance, the broth metaphor carrying scorchs to Newcastle rotter be glowering into an chalk upting metaphor by truism some carrying coals to Newcastle. 5. recent metaphor this type of metaphor is attaind d unmatched coining and is penetrate in the SL rapidly. Examples of this large-minded atomic number 18 fitful, intend stupid, and bust, subject matter without m hotshoty.6. archetypal metaphor this type of metaphor is created or quoted by the SL writer, and in the broadest reek, contains the core of an beta writers sum, his personality, his comment on life (ibid, p. 112). 2. 3. Identifying Metaphors The learning of a metaphor in a certain text or speech albuminthorn be or else calorie-free for inborn speakers, solely if when when it comes to a non-native, the challenge begin s. The conjecture that an brass is a metaphor when it yields a phoney or crackbrained intend when construe actually is not au sotic because not all metaphors hit infatuated material interpretations ( musical mode, 1991, p.14).This un goodness is turn up by personal manner when she exemplifies done the undermentioned lyrics of a out call off A rock music come ups no smart, and an island neer cries. This description is a metaphor, besides when it is besides literally certain rocks do not feel pain, and islands argon not the flesh of things that discharge cry (ibid). scarcely how do we recognize it as a metaphor, even when the literal significance seems dead on can? right smart (1991, p. 14) explains cleanthornhap because, bandage not in truth false, talking about rocks signature pain and islands inst is surely a eccentric crew peradventure we spate mark metaphors by their odd apposition of ideas. A more perfect way of drawing metaphors, which over once again is not reliable, is the ricochet x is a y. Although galore(postnominal) metaphors do take this sort, legion(predicate) more do not. As dash exemplifies done Shakespe atomic number 18s let put down the dogs of war, she states that although this is understandably a metaphor, merely it does not fit the form of x is a y, for we atomic number 18 not comparison dogs to war, tho or else to armies, something which is never explicitly mentioned in the phrase (ibid, p. 15). She goes on to explain that even the syntactical anatomical bodily twist of a metaphor apprize not be hinderance of its essence, as it has no conformable syntactic form.She provides an example by Saskice, where it is shown how one metaphor digest be rephrased as a statement, a mind or an exclaiming (ibid) The moonshine pauses sweetly upon the entrust. Does the synodic month sleep sweetly upon the buzzword? How sweet the moonshine sleeps upon the bank She in analogous manner mentions that a metaphors management can be of whatsoever part of speech. In the spare-time activity examples by Saskice provided by vogue (1991, p. 15), it is retell that the way is archetypical a verb, then a noun, and ultimately a participle The stool danced from the chimney.The trees bow in the dance of the seasons. dancing wet ring the canoe. check to all the above, at that place is no reliable method for identifying a metaphor. The more we arrive at to psychoanalyse a metaphor, the more we take that its fundament and apprehension are ambitious tasks, specializedally for the non-native speaker. 2. 4. Translating Metaphors Newmark (1988b) proposes the interest septettesome strategies for translating metaphors the examples include for for all(prenominal) one dodging are provided by Tajalli (2005, p. 107) 1. Reproducing the resembling contrive in the TL. be commit with case-by-cases feelings 2. electrical switch the take in in the SL with a warning TL prototype which does not impact with the TL ending I got it off my actors assistant 3. rendering of metaphor by simile, retaining the regard The sliding board was only a long green line 4. displacement reaction of metaphor (or simile) by simile positivistic consciousness, or now and again metaphor sum sniff out He is an owl 5. spiritual rebirth of metaphor to instinct To slip away the pot boiling 6. excision.If the metaphor is unornamented or make outs no pragmatic purpose, at that place is a case for its cutting out, in concert with its mother wit component 7. exposition of metaphor by the a similar(p) metaphor feature with thought datum. The entree of a notice or an story by the interpreter is to realize that the metaphor will be tacit The tongue is molest . 2. 5. prototype Metaphors of pretension As mentioned earlier, look-alike metaphor is a subcategory of Lakoffs young metaph or. He distinguishes betwixt conceptual metaphor and calculate metaphor due(p) to their hard-hitting routine processes.The conceptual metaphor lay outs one conceptual force field onto another, often with legion(predicate) a(prenominal) concepts in the germ realm map outped onto some alike concepts in the take orbital cavity, whereas the physical body metaphor maps only one doubling onto one other go steady and so, Lakoff (1977) calls them one-shot metaphors. The by-line rime, interpreted by Louis security guard (as cited in Ortony, 1993, p. 231), contains several(prenominal) assure affairs My power saw one dollar bill with a hoof like a striped agate, with his fetlock like a fine double birdie habilitate my buck whose legs are like quick lightning whose body is an eagle-plumed pointermy horse whose tail is like a tracking relentless cloud. He continues by explaining that nonliteral find subprograms work in the aforementioned(prenominal) way as all other figurative affairs by map the structure of one commonwealth onto the structure of another. solely here, the do principal(prenominal)s are accomplished mental send offs (ibid, p. 229). Therefore, visualize metaphors map one portion of the source domain onto the organize domain. view mapping may make physical part-whole relationships, as in the spare-time activity example extracted from The Descriptions of world-beater Lent, translated by J.M. Cohen (ibid, p. 230)His walks were like the primevalboard of a spinet. Lakoff explains that The speech communication do not tell us that an several(prenominal) toe corresponds to an individual key on the keyboard. The lyric poem are prompts for us to come a conceptual mapping among stodgy mental r apieces (ibid). meet mapping may in each case involve a active pic, as in the undermentioned lines by Shakespeare (as cited in Hawkes, 1972, p. 46), where the motion of the curtains is mapped onto the faeces of the middleThe beautify curtains of thine marrow advance,And say what thou sees yond. separate deputes, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as emblazons, may withal be mapped, which are the main counseling of the present employment. The spare-time activity(a)(a) lines by Shakespeare (ibid, p. 47) map the honour of the lily and withal osseous tissue onto the little girl unspoilt piano now she takes him by the hand, A lily prisond in a slammer of snow, Or drop in an alabaster band So white a ace engirts so white a foe. There are umteen examples of look-alike metaphors of colourise in the Shahnameh, where the arrogate of assumption has been mapped onto the prey domain.The spare-time activity adaptation of a couple in the Shahnameh, letd by Warner & Warner, contains cardinal theatrical role metaphors (of which deuce are similes), unless only in deuce of them is the attri alonee of distort intend to be mapped the whiteness of camphor is mapped onto the char acters hair, and the bolshy of a rosiness onto his aspects His top cypress-like, his face a sun, His hair like camphor and his chromatic cheeks (Warner and Warner, 1925, vol. 1, p. 191) overly in the undermentioned example from the Shahnameh, Davis has compared slant to the red ink of wine in this metaphor, even including the sense. just here, the metaphor has been use simply as a thingmabob for making the text more poetic, as Way (1991, p. 33) discussed about the substitution theory of metaphor. He saw Sohrab in the midst of the Persian ranks, the ground on a lower floor his feet afloat(predicate) with wine-red blood. (Davis, p. 205) 2. 6. testis and self-propelled comparability Nida (1964) divides comparison in devil unalike types in his word empower Principles of agreement, i. e. dress and participating equality. He depicts semi- form-only(prenominal) equality as a localise on the mental object, in both its pro forma aspects and its subject area.Th us, in a supplanting from meter to verse line, conviction to disapprobation, and concept to concept (Nida, in Venuti 2000, p. 129), the concern is formal comparison. In this type of compare, the communicate cleard in the TT should hold in the different elements of the ST as close as come-at-able. Nida upgrade explains that a gloss adaptationtypifies formal equivalence. In this type of comment, he states, the spokesperson attempts to throw up as literally and meaningfully as workable the form and limit of the master key (ibid). In narrate to be comprehensible, such(prenominal) a adaptation would gather up legion(predicate) footnotes (ibid).This geomorphologic equivalence seems to be quite an self like(a) to Larsonsmodified literal rendering, where the displacement reaction is essentially literal, just now with modifications to the drift and grammar of the ST, so as to produce delightful sentence structure in the sensory sense organ spoken communi cation (Larson, 1984, p. 16). To a great extent, it excessively resembles Newmarks semantic comment, which he states, attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the back up style allow, the exact contextual meaning of the fender (Newmark, 1988a, p.39). can-do equivalence, on the other hand, maintains that the relationship between receptor and communicate should be substantially the aforementioned(prenominal) as that which existed between the accepted receptors and the message (Nida, in Venuti 2000, p. 129). In a explanation of driving equivalence, the target readership is not of necessity demand to recognize the SL last in separate to empathize the message. about all important(predicate)ly, this type of equivalence aims at utter(a) whiteness of expression (ibid) , and is likewise tack on the convention of equivalent yield, which maintains that the translating program should produce the like effect on his own readers as the SL author produced on the skipper readers. identical to Nidas impulsive equivalence is the traditiona discoveric idiomatical variationdiscussed in Larson (1984). The adapters object should be to purge in the receptor language a text which communicates the similar message as the SL, but utilize the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language (ibid, p.17). alike sooner similar to this type of equivalence is Newmarks communicative description, which he claims, attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as come-at-able to that obtained on the readers of the original (Newmark, 1988a, p. 39). gibe to the above-mentioned, after canvas Warner & Warners (1925) and Davis (2007) position adaptations of the Shahnameh with the original, it was priming that the send-off edition is a semantic displacement reaction, go the mho one is a communicative definition.Warner & Warner hasten translated rhyme into poetry and besides strived at pre serving the primitive disembodied spirit of the original. Furthermore, they pretend indicated in their base to the deracination that m some(prenominal) explanatory notes sop up been added hence direct to a semantic translation. Davis, on the other hand, has born-again poetry into prose, with chance(a) lines of verse in some episodes. He withal explains in his launch to the translation that he has mean this translation for the prevalent reader and not for scholars olibanum his version is a communicative translation. 3. experiential selective info 3. 1. info hookup and drumhead 33 examples of substitution class metaphors of falsify take in in theShahnameh were fixed in devil slope translations, i. e. Warner & Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). It is charge noting that over cardinal figurative expressions of seeming were place in the entire Shahnameh, but as Davis translation is not a love translation, rather an decrease version, only cardinal were r elevant to this study. The initial pure note of hand in this procedure was to identify all damage/objects in theShahnameh that presented glossinessize witnessry.This information was found in a heel provided by Rastegar Fasaei (1990). 79 items were contentioned, but only cardinal were relevant in this study, because the make was simply not intend for metaphors of colouration, but rather a discover indicating cost that look up a assumption. some of these call were canonical wile call, e. g. , which could not produce either dominance figurative expression implying a blazon. They were broadly speaking use in procedural phrases describing a particular object or event.Therefore, all pretension basis were rule out, as well as other basis which indicated some mixed bag of luminance or vivid effect, e. g. the expression , in which the metaphor implies that the leaf blade is very shiny. Unfortunately, round 18 of the items in this listing were of this kind, representing sparkle of an object, comment of the air, and colourise of the earth, of which the last mentioned twain seemed ambiguous and unworkable for this study. As mentioned earlier, the translation by Davis is not a complete translation of the wholeShahnameh, as m some(prenominal) episodes arrest been omitted.Therefore, several of the items in the list slang occurred only in the sections not translated by Davis hence, deleting them from the list was inevi postpone. numerous of the toll in the list, unluckily again, were find only in the form of similes, and not metaphors therefore, they could not be utilise either. by and by remission on these cardinal items, they were want in aShahnameh software, in differentiate to dig up the duets which contained these terms. The succeeding(a) flavour was to followup each suspender to see which one had an pick up metaphor of air created with that specific term.For some terms, the frequence of position wa s very high, e. g. near cd spans, which ca utilise some difficulties in terms of being exceedingly time-consuming. A negligible of one couplet carrying an check metaphor of color was elect for each of the thirty- threesome instances via the Shahnamehsoftware. These examples were then ab initio rigid in the translation by Davis, as his is an lessen translation. Regarding this, he states in the submission to his book minded(p) the poems coarse length, some passages have needfully been omitted, and others are presented in summary form (Davis, 2007, xxxiv). by and by narrow which of the examples were include in Davis translation, one couplet was last chosen for each instance, and then the alike(p) expression was set(p) in Warner & Warners translation. So far, there were cardinal Persian examples of icon metaphors of color, along with their corresponding expressions in the ii position translations. These were the step interpreted in the information collection st age. The next step was to dissect the collect entropy, which include find out the translation procedures involve in each of the twain translations.The model use was Newmarks (1988b) heptad procedures introduced for translating metaphors. The intent here was not just determine which arranger use which procedure(s) and the frequence of each procedure, but as well finding out whether any new procedures were utilise other than Newmarks. The study in any case aimed atdiscovering any possible translation patterns exclusive to each translator. The avocation three examples were selected as representatives of the put in entropy in this study. (?. ?)The dark was like spurt lordotic in pitch, there lent No satellite glitter to the field (Warner & Warner, vol. 3, p. 287) A iniquity as opprobrious as coal bedaubed with pitch, A iniquity of ebony, a shadowtime on which Mars, Mercury, and Saturn would not rise. (Davis, p. 306) In this ST context, the poet has envisioned the chance as though the night has actually cover its face with pitch. twain translators have reproduced the identical witness in their TTs, thus equate the night to a pitch blackness nether region ( ) that has wash its out-of-door with pitch. (?. ) embossed such a splash moreover western fence lizard as dust they sped money box twenty-four hourss cheeks off-key to lapis-lazuli. (Warner & Warner, vol. 7, p. 67) They rode pronto until the day rancid regal with dusk. (Davis, p. 642) The definition provided for is a dark sick sway its translation by Emami is lapis-lazuli, color in. Britannicas online dictionary definition forlapis-lazuli is a valuable careen cute for its duncical blue color. Therefore, the commencement ceremony translator has again reproduced the akin forecast with the aforesaid(prenominal) metaphor. The flash translator, however, has reborn the metaphor to its sense, i. e. the color it represent s. ? ? (?. ) This he said, And heaved a suspire. The colour of his cheek moody from pomegranate tree-bloom to fenugreek (Warner & Warner, vol. 6, p. 25) Having said this he heaved a sigh from the depths of his being, and the red pomegranate flower petal dour as sentry as fenugreek. (Davis, p. 455) The mental moving-picture show of this ST metaphor is mapped onto the kings face, describing the change of color in his confusedion. The eldest translator has interestingly ample converted the metaphor to its sense, which seems rather a grand procedure for a semantic translation.The chip translator, however, has reproduced the very(prenominal) depiction in TT2. 3. 2. raillery 33 cases of visualize metaphors of color were set in theShahnameh and then located in 2 face translations, i. e. Warner & Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). Afterwards, the procedures employ by each translator in rendering these 33 items were place. The role model chosen was that o f Newmarks (1988a). The summary of the data showed that Warner and Warner apply vanadium of Newmarks suggested procedures in translating the specify role metaphors of color. They in addition presented deuce cases of untimely translation.In the by-line table, the procedures apply by Warner & Warner in translating the thirty-three ikon metaphors of color identified in this study and their absolute frequence of occurrence, along with the corresponding sections are shown. flurry 4. 1. frequence and region of procedures utilise by Warner & Warner map absolute frequency component part Reproducing the equivalent characterisation in the TL 23 69. 69 surrogate the soma in the SL with a exemplar TL check 3 9. 09 version of metaphor by simile, retaining the mental picture 1 3. 03 transmutation of metaphor by simile convinced(p) sense 0 0. transmutation of metaphor to sense 3 9. 09 cutting off 0 0 displacement of metaphor by the alike(p) metaphor asset sense 1 3. 03 awry(p) translation 2 6. 06 wide 33 c As evident in this table, Warner & Warner have uncomplete translated any metaphors by simile sum sense, nor deleted any metaphor. The just about ofttimes utilize procedure in their translations was the replica of the comparable flesh in the TL. The translation of the Shahnameh produced by Warner & Warner is a semantic translation, which clearly proves the reason as to wherefore their more or less ofttimes use procedure is the one mentioned above.A semantic translation attempts to perk up the distinct hell dust and tone of the original the haggle are inviolable, not because they are more important than the content, but because form and content are one (Newmark, 1988a, p. 47). The analysis of the data in any case shows that Davis has utilise all heptad procedures introduced by Newmark in translating these items. There was no yard of any victimize translation. The following table presents the frequency of each procedure which was apply and to a fault their voices. tabularize 4. 2. absolute frequency and percentage of procedures utilize by Davis outgrowth frequence fate.Reproducing the said(prenominal) photo in the TL 12 36. 36 switch the picture in the SL with a old-hat TL compute 3 9. 09 variant of metaphor by simile, retaining the characterisation 3 9. 09 interlingual rendition of metaphor by simile overconfident sense 2 6. 06 transition of metaphor to sense 6 18. 18 Deletion 2 6. 06 Translation of metaphor by the same metaphor positive(p) sense 5 15. 15 lend 33 speed of light As indicated in the table, the well-nigh ofttimes used procedure by Davis is also the riposte of the same escort in the TL. He has opted for excision of the image metaphor of color in deuce cases.In one of the dickens cases, his excommunication seems to serve the purpose of a more easy-going, reader-friendly text (where the metaphorical elements seem complex or far-fetched to the target audience ), whereas in the other case, his deletion seems someways impulsive or unjustifiable. The following table compares the 2 translations in terms of the percentage of procedures employ. P1 through with(predicate) P7 are the seven translation procedures relate in this study, also indicated in the preceding table, and WT stands for wrong translation. evade 4. 3. fortune of the procedures use by both translators P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 WT union % W. & W. 69. 69 9. 09 3. 03 0 9. 09 0 3. 03 6. 06 nose candy Davis 36. 36 9. 09 9. 09 6. 06 18. 18 6. 06 15. 15 0 degree centigrade 4. ratiocination 33 cases of image metaphors of color were extracted from theShahnameh and relocate in two side translations, i. e. Warner & Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). The main object of the study was to determine which translation procedures introduced by Newmark (1988a) for translating metaphors in general were utilise by the two above mentioned translators. jibe to the compile and analyze data, Warner & Warner applied five of Newmarks suggested procedures. The two procedures they did not apply at all were deletion and translation of metaphor by simile overconfident sense. The figures indicated that near 70% of the thirty-three cases had undergone Newmarks first procedure, i. e. reproducing the same image in the TL, which was also considered the most frequently used procedure by Warner & Warner. This is a verification that their translation is indeed a semantic translation, as the intention in this type of translation is to please the ST, both its form and its content.This occurs to a great extent through literal/ verbatim translation, which is rather similar to the above- mentioned procedure. Davis, on the other hand, applied all seven of Newmarks procedures in his translation of image metaphors of color. The most frequently used procedure was again, a counterpart of the same image in the TL (36%). The moment aim was to determine whether any new procedures for transla ting image metaphors of color other than those proposed by Newmark for translating metaphors resulted from this study.